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| Chippewa River from near the canoe landing |
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| Snow on burdock |
Wednesday, January 13, 2016
In the Winter Woods
The following photographs were taken earlier today at Chipp-A-Waters Park in Mt. Pleasant.
Tuesday, January 12, 2016
Adaptations - Aggressive Mimicry
Back in 2013, I wrote a post titled "Mom! The Viceroy won't stop copying me!" about how animals use mimicry to deter predators.
In that post, I wrote about two forms of mimicry known as Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry in which a harmless species copies the warning signs of a harmful species to scare away predators. Mullerian mimicry is a type of mimicry in which two distasteful, poisonous, or otherwise harmful species have evolved to resemble each other - sharing the warning signs that keep predators away.
Recently, while searching through old photos I found an example of a third type of mimicry.
This is not a bee. It's a type of fly known as a robber fly. At first glance, this seems to be a clear cut case of Batesian mimicry. By evolving with the colors of a bee, this fly is afforded protection from any potential predators without needing to have a stinger of its own. This is a very common (and sensible) survival strategy
However, this species in not exhibiting pure Batesian mimicry. It does get some protection benefits from its yellow-and-black coloring, but in this species those colors serve a more sinister purpose. This is one of several species of robber flies known as a Bee Hunter. The Bee Hunter uses a form of mimicry known as aggressive mimicry.
Aggressive mimicry is a type of mimicry used by predators to appear harmless to their prey. In this case, the Bee Hunter is a predator that preys on pollinators such as bees and wasps. By resembling a bumblebee, the Bee Hunter appears to these insects as another harmless pollinator and is able to ambush them with less effort. It grasps them with its long front legs - spine on the legs help immobilize their prey. The Bee Hunter is covered with long stiff hairs that further help protect it from struggling prey. One a prey is captured, the Bee Hunter uses is stiff proboscis to impale the unfortunate victim and suck out its insides.
In that post, I wrote about two forms of mimicry known as Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry in which a harmless species copies the warning signs of a harmful species to scare away predators. Mullerian mimicry is a type of mimicry in which two distasteful, poisonous, or otherwise harmful species have evolved to resemble each other - sharing the warning signs that keep predators away.
Recently, while searching through old photos I found an example of a third type of mimicry.
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| Bee Hunter - a type of robber fly |
This is not a bee. It's a type of fly known as a robber fly. At first glance, this seems to be a clear cut case of Batesian mimicry. By evolving with the colors of a bee, this fly is afforded protection from any potential predators without needing to have a stinger of its own. This is a very common (and sensible) survival strategy
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| Bee Hunters exhibit aggressive mimicry - they look like their prey to fool them |
However, this species in not exhibiting pure Batesian mimicry. It does get some protection benefits from its yellow-and-black coloring, but in this species those colors serve a more sinister purpose. This is one of several species of robber flies known as a Bee Hunter. The Bee Hunter uses a form of mimicry known as aggressive mimicry.
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| Bee Hunter (closeup) - note the spines on the legs used for grasping prey and the proboscis used to such fluids from prey |
Aggressive mimicry is a type of mimicry used by predators to appear harmless to their prey. In this case, the Bee Hunter is a predator that preys on pollinators such as bees and wasps. By resembling a bumblebee, the Bee Hunter appears to these insects as another harmless pollinator and is able to ambush them with less effort. It grasps them with its long front legs - spine on the legs help immobilize their prey. The Bee Hunter is covered with long stiff hairs that further help protect it from struggling prey. One a prey is captured, the Bee Hunter uses is stiff proboscis to impale the unfortunate victim and suck out its insides.
Monday, January 11, 2016
Surprise! It's a woodpecker! A huge woodpecker!
Yesterday while I was on our enclosed back porch, working on materials for a school presentation, I kept hearing a loud banging noise coming from somewhere outside. To my surprise, when I looked out the window I saw a Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)! It was busy prying at the thick bark of a Honey Locust tree (Gleditsia triacanthos) only about eight feet from our back door. I took a few blurry photos through the window glass and then cracked open the door to take several more - this was the best photo of the bunch.
This is the first time I have ever seen a Pileated Woodpecker near our house in Alma. This individual was a female - identifiable by the gray forehead and black stripe from the corner of the beak (moustache). On male Pileated Woodpeckers the moustache and the entire crest (including the forehead) are red.
The woodpecker disappeared around the opposite side of the tree after realizing it was being watched, but it remained in our yard for quite some time. It only flew away 15-20 minutes later when I had to go out the back door
This is actually the closest I have ever been to a Pileated Woodpecker, but I have better photos from an encounter in March 2013. That woodpecker let me photograph it from about a dozen feet for more than 10 minutes and remained hard at work digging ants out of a tree even as I walked away.
This is the first time I have ever seen a Pileated Woodpecker near our house in Alma. This individual was a female - identifiable by the gray forehead and black stripe from the corner of the beak (moustache). On male Pileated Woodpeckers the moustache and the entire crest (including the forehead) are red.
The woodpecker disappeared around the opposite side of the tree after realizing it was being watched, but it remained in our yard for quite some time. It only flew away 15-20 minutes later when I had to go out the back door
This is actually the closest I have ever been to a Pileated Woodpecker, but I have better photos from an encounter in March 2013. That woodpecker let me photograph it from about a dozen feet for more than 10 minutes and remained hard at work digging ants out of a tree even as I walked away.
Thursday, January 7, 2016
Upcoming Event - Winter Animal Signs (23 JAN 2016)
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| Pointing out shrew tracks during a January 2015 walk at the CWC's Sylvan Solace Preserve |
Join me on Saturday January 23rd at 10:00AM at the Chippewa Watershed Conservancy's Hall's Lake Natural Area for a winter walk. The walk will begin at the Neely Preserve at the corner of Broomfield Rd. and Old State Rd.
This walk will focus on locating and identifying signs left by the preserve's resident animals. If you want to learn more about animal track identification or how to "read" animal signs this is the event for you.
I have never explored the Hall's Lake Preserve during the winter months and have never visited the Neely Preserve portion so I don't know what surprises we shall find. This should be an adventure for everyone!
Please call the Chippewa Watershed Conservancy at (989) 772-5777 to register for this event. There is no cost to attend, but donations are always appreciated.
Wednesday, January 6, 2016
Nativer Species Profile - Wood Turtle
Because I am writing this in January, I would have a very difficult time locating one of my favorite animals - the Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta). If I were to find one now, it would be somewhere underwater either buried in the mud or wedged under a rock or log. There it hibernates motionless for several months, living on stored resources and absorbing oxygen from the water. It probably disappeared under the water sometime in October and won't appear again until late April or May.
The Wood Turtle is one of ten species of turtle that can be found in Michigan. Six of the species are considered to have stable populations (Map Turtle, Musk Turtle, Painted Turtle, Spiny Softshell Turtle, Red-ear Slider, and Snapping Turtle), one is Threatened (Spotted Turtle), and three are listed as Special Concern. The Wood Turtle falls in this last category along with the Eastern Box Turtle and Blanding's Turtle. This status means that the Wood Turtle has no legal protections under the Michigan Endangered Species Act. Fortunately it is protected under a Michigan Department of Natural Resources Director's Order that prohibits killing, taking, possessing, selling or buying them from the wild.
The Wood Turtle is a fairly small turtle, growing from 5 to 10 inches long as an adult. Their upper shell (carapace) is tan to dark brown in color, with well defined scutes (plates). The scutes have a series of growth rings, much like a tree - contributing to its name. In younger turtles, the growth rings can be used to determine age, but the rings are often worn away in older individuals. Their lower shell (plastron) is usually a dark yellow with brown patches. This color scheme is also found on the exposed skin of its head, legs, and tail - the upper surfaces are brown (with yellow or orange spots) and the lower surfaces are yellow or orange.
The Wood Turtle is partially named for its habitat preferences. It is typically found in the floodplain forests of clear running streams and rivers with sand or gravel bottoms. Unlike most aquatic turtles, the Wood Turtle is commonly away from water during the summer months. They often disperse as much as 1/3 mile into forests to feed on the leaves of herbaceous and woody plants, berries, mushrooms, worms and other invertebrates. When in the water it feeds on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and rarely on dead animals.
Another habitat requirement is sandy soil for nesting. Nesting typically takes place in June. Female Wood Turtles excavate a shallow nesting cavity and deposits up to 18 eggs. Hatchling turtles may emerge in August or September, or they may remain in the nest until the following spring.
In Michigan, Wood Turtles are only found in the northern half of the Lower Peninsula and across the Upper Peninsula. Overall their range extends from from Minnesota and northern Iowa in the west to the Atlantic coastline from New Brunswick and Quebec in the north to Virginia in the south. Isabella County is near the southern edge of their range in Michigan. There seems to be healthy population of adults in the county, but I have rarely encountered a young Wood Turtle in the wild.
Basic Information
Wood Turtle
Glyptemys insculpta
Size: 5-10” long
Habitat: rivers and streams with woodland floodplains
Eats: plants,
berries, mushrooms, earthworms, slugs, aquatic invertebrates, carrion (rarely)
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| Wood Turtle (June 2008) |
The Wood Turtle is one of ten species of turtle that can be found in Michigan. Six of the species are considered to have stable populations (Map Turtle, Musk Turtle, Painted Turtle, Spiny Softshell Turtle, Red-ear Slider, and Snapping Turtle), one is Threatened (Spotted Turtle), and three are listed as Special Concern. The Wood Turtle falls in this last category along with the Eastern Box Turtle and Blanding's Turtle. This status means that the Wood Turtle has no legal protections under the Michigan Endangered Species Act. Fortunately it is protected under a Michigan Department of Natural Resources Director's Order that prohibits killing, taking, possessing, selling or buying them from the wild.
The Wood Turtle is a fairly small turtle, growing from 5 to 10 inches long as an adult. Their upper shell (carapace) is tan to dark brown in color, with well defined scutes (plates). The scutes have a series of growth rings, much like a tree - contributing to its name. In younger turtles, the growth rings can be used to determine age, but the rings are often worn away in older individuals. Their lower shell (plastron) is usually a dark yellow with brown patches. This color scheme is also found on the exposed skin of its head, legs, and tail - the upper surfaces are brown (with yellow or orange spots) and the lower surfaces are yellow or orange.
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| Wood Turtle - note the "sculptured" shell, dark upper surfaces, and yellow underparts |
The Wood Turtle is partially named for its habitat preferences. It is typically found in the floodplain forests of clear running streams and rivers with sand or gravel bottoms. Unlike most aquatic turtles, the Wood Turtle is commonly away from water during the summer months. They often disperse as much as 1/3 mile into forests to feed on the leaves of herbaceous and woody plants, berries, mushrooms, worms and other invertebrates. When in the water it feeds on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and rarely on dead animals.
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| Wood Turtles commonly feed away from water during the summer months |
Another habitat requirement is sandy soil for nesting. Nesting typically takes place in June. Female Wood Turtles excavate a shallow nesting cavity and deposits up to 18 eggs. Hatchling turtles may emerge in August or September, or they may remain in the nest until the following spring.
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| A female Wood Turtle laying eggs on a sandbar in Mt. Pleasant |
In Michigan, Wood Turtles are only found in the northern half of the Lower Peninsula and across the Upper Peninsula. Overall their range extends from from Minnesota and northern Iowa in the west to the Atlantic coastline from New Brunswick and Quebec in the north to Virginia in the south. Isabella County is near the southern edge of their range in Michigan. There seems to be healthy population of adults in the county, but I have rarely encountered a young Wood Turtle in the wild.
Basic Information
Wood Turtle
Glyptemys insculpta
Tuesday, January 5, 2016
Native Species Profile - Downy Woodpecker
Visit a woodland in Mid-Michigan during the right time of year and it is not uncommon to see six different species of woodpeckers that call the area home: the Pileated Woodpecker, Red-Bellied Woodpecker , Hairy Woodpecker, Northern Flicker, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, and the most common of all, the Downy Woodpecker. The Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) is the smallest woodpecker species in North America. It typically measures 5.5 to 7 inches long and has a wingspan of 10 to 12 inches. This small size allows it to live in a wide range of habitats across North America, being absent only in the desert Southwest and the arctic tundra.
The Downy Woodpecker is easy to identify. They have a two-toned color scheme, with white on the underparts (chest and belly) and mostly black above. The wings are black with white checkering. Most of the tail feathers are black, with white feathers (with black checkering) on the outer edges of the tail. There is a white stripe down the center of its back. A Downy Woodpeckers head has a broad black stripe running over the top of its head, another broad black stripe that looks like a mask, and a narrower black stripe running downward from the corners of the beak. With the exception of this stripe, the feathers at the base of the beak are white. Males can be distinguished from females by a red patch on the back of their head - this is known as an occipital patch. Downy Woodpeckers have a short stubby black beak. The larger Hairy Woodpecker (P. villosus) has similar markings but is larger (8.5-10 inches long, 15-17.5 inch wingspan) and a longer beak.
Like most other woodpeckers, Downy Woodpeckers use their short beak as chisel to probe into dead or decaying wood for their favorite food source - insects and their larvae. A large proportion of their diet consists of ants, beetles, and other woodboring insects. They also consume spider and other invertebrates. In addition, Downy Woodpeckers eat berries, seeds, and acorns. They will rarely drink tree sap or nectar to supplement their diet. Most of their foraging is done in trees, but they will feed on the ground.
Downy Woodpeckers are well adapted for their foraging style. In addition to their chisel-like beak, they have a thick skull to cushion their skull when they use their beak to hammer at trees, and a long barbed tongue used to pull insects from tunnels in the wood. Unlike perching birds (such as sparrows), the toes on woodpeckers are arranged with two pointing forward and two pointing backward. This adaptation, known as zygodactylism, allows the woodpecker to climb easily up the trunks of trees and even hang upside down on branches that are beyond vertical. Their stiff tail feathers are pushed against the tree's surface, acting as a counterbalance.
Downy Woodpeckers are a cavity nesting bird. Because of their strong beak, they are able to excavate their own nesting cavities in decaying trees. They typically use these homes for one nesting season before abandoning them. These abandoned cavities provide nesting sites for other small birds such as bluebirds and swallows that are unable to excavate their own cavities. Rarely, Downy Woodpeckers will nest in man-made nest boxes. It attempting to attract woodpeckers to nest boxes, the box should be packed with woodshaving so that the woodpeckers can "excavate" the box tot heir satisfaction.
Habitat: woodlands (mainly deciduous), fencerows, wetlands, suburban areas
Eats: insects, spiders, insect and spider eggs, other invertebrates, berries, seeds, acorns, rarely tree sap and nectar
Nest: in tree cavity, rarely in a nesting box
The Downy Woodpecker is easy to identify. They have a two-toned color scheme, with white on the underparts (chest and belly) and mostly black above. The wings are black with white checkering. Most of the tail feathers are black, with white feathers (with black checkering) on the outer edges of the tail. There is a white stripe down the center of its back. A Downy Woodpeckers head has a broad black stripe running over the top of its head, another broad black stripe that looks like a mask, and a narrower black stripe running downward from the corners of the beak. With the exception of this stripe, the feathers at the base of the beak are white. Males can be distinguished from females by a red patch on the back of their head - this is known as an occipital patch. Downy Woodpeckers have a short stubby black beak. The larger Hairy Woodpecker (P. villosus) has similar markings but is larger (8.5-10 inches long, 15-17.5 inch wingspan) and a longer beak.
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| Male Downy Woodpecker - note checkered wings, white back, striped face, and red occipital patch |
Like most other woodpeckers, Downy Woodpeckers use their short beak as chisel to probe into dead or decaying wood for their favorite food source - insects and their larvae. A large proportion of their diet consists of ants, beetles, and other woodboring insects. They also consume spider and other invertebrates. In addition, Downy Woodpeckers eat berries, seeds, and acorns. They will rarely drink tree sap or nectar to supplement their diet. Most of their foraging is done in trees, but they will feed on the ground.
Downy Woodpeckers are well adapted for their foraging style. In addition to their chisel-like beak, they have a thick skull to cushion their skull when they use their beak to hammer at trees, and a long barbed tongue used to pull insects from tunnels in the wood. Unlike perching birds (such as sparrows), the toes on woodpeckers are arranged with two pointing forward and two pointing backward. This adaptation, known as zygodactylism, allows the woodpecker to climb easily up the trunks of trees and even hang upside down on branches that are beyond vertical. Their stiff tail feathers are pushed against the tree's surface, acting as a counterbalance.
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| A Downy Woodpecker searches for insects and other invertebrates on a sumac tree |
Downy Woodpeckers are a cavity nesting bird. Because of their strong beak, they are able to excavate their own nesting cavities in decaying trees. They typically use these homes for one nesting season before abandoning them. These abandoned cavities provide nesting sites for other small birds such as bluebirds and swallows that are unable to excavate their own cavities. Rarely, Downy Woodpeckers will nest in man-made nest boxes. It attempting to attract woodpeckers to nest boxes, the box should be packed with woodshaving so that the woodpeckers can "excavate" the box tot heir satisfaction.
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| A female Downy Woodpecker works on a nesting cavity - note the lack of red on the back of the head |
Basic Information
Downy Woodpecker
Picoides pubescens
Downy Woodpecker
Picoides pubescens
Size: 5 ½-7” long,
10-12” wingspan
Monday, January 4, 2016
Kicking Off a New Year
Happy 2016!
Yesterday marked the third anniversary of my first blog post. When I started to write this blog, I didn't know where it would take me. I just wanted to be able to answer questions that students ask me, to focus on local nature (plants, animals, geology, weather, etc.), and to occasionally highlight upcoming events in the local area. I think overall I have kept to that goal, although I have expanded my scope and written posts about things as far afield as the UP, Wisconsin, and Maine. My goal remains to highlight Mid-Michigan's habitats and wildlife.
Yesterday marked the third anniversary of my first blog post. When I started to write this blog, I didn't know where it would take me. I just wanted to be able to answer questions that students ask me, to focus on local nature (plants, animals, geology, weather, etc.), and to occasionally highlight upcoming events in the local area. I think overall I have kept to that goal, although I have expanded my scope and written posts about things as far afield as the UP, Wisconsin, and Maine. My goal remains to highlight Mid-Michigan's habitats and wildlife.
Before I write a post I like to make sure that it is about something
new and not a subject I have covered in the past. Because I have
written about so many different topics, this can sometimes be a challenge.
There are currently over 630 posts in the archives for this blog.
So what are people reading about here?
The five most popular posts in terms of pageviews have been:
So what are people reading about here?
The five most popular posts in terms of pageviews have been:
Leaves of three, let it be... What about leaves of five? (published 26 FEB 2013 - 9,700 pageviews!)
Soil Particle Sizes - Sand, Silt, and Clay (published 19 FEB 2014 - with 3,575 pageviews)
Logging Tools Part 1 - Axe and Saw (published 07 AUG 2013 - with 2,968 pageviews)
Fungi! (published 04 NOV 2013 - with 2,638 pageviews)
Dogwood misidentification (published 29 MAY 2013 - with 1,607 pageviews)
Overall there have been over 129,000 pageviews on this blog. During each of the past two years, readership has climbed during the summer months and dropped off during the winter, with an all time high of 6,667 views in September 2015. I think this can be attributed to more people spending time outdoors during the summer and researching the things that they find.
Overall there have been over 129,000 pageviews on this blog. During each of the past two years, readership has climbed during the summer months and dropped off during the winter, with an all time high of 6,667 views in September 2015. I think this can be attributed to more people spending time outdoors during the summer and researching the things that they find.
What's coming up in 2016?
I plan on doing another Wildflower Big Year like I did in 2014. Not surprisingly, the more time I spend outdoors, the more interesting things I see and the more photographs I take. I also plan on purchasing a new 100-400mm telephoto lens for my camera so I should be able to get better closeup photos of wildlife. I also hope to be more consistent with posting - my goal is still to publish a post for every day that school is in session.
Thanks for coming along for the ride.
Thanks for coming along for the ride.
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